Estimulação magnética transcraniana: uma breve revisão dos princípios e aplicações
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29384/rbfm.2019.v13.n1.p49-56Keywords:
estimulação magnética transcraniana, biomagnetismo, neuroestimulação, neuronavegaçãoAbstract
A estimulação magnética transcraniana é um método não invasivo de estimulação do córtex humano. Conhecida pela sigla TMS, do inglês transcranial magnetic stimulation, a técnica foi introduzida por Barker et al. em 1985. Seu funcionamento baseia-se na Lei de Faraday, na qual um intenso campo magnético que varia rapidamente é capaz de induzir um campo elétrico na superfície do cérebro, despolarizando os neurônios no córtex cerebral. Devido à sua versatilidade, a TMS é utilizada atualmente tanto no âmbito da pesquisa quanto em aplicações clínicas. Entre as aplicações clínicas, a TMS é utilizada como ferramenta diagnóstica e também como técnica terapêutica de algumas doenças neurodegenerativas e distúrbios psiquiátricos como a depressão, a doença de Parkinson e o tinnitus. Quanto à ferramenta diagnóstica, destaca-se o mapeamento motor, uma técnica de delimitação da área de representação do músculo-alvo em sua superfície cortical, cuja aplicabilidade pode ser em estudos da fisiologia cerebral para avaliar danos ao córtex motor e trato corticoespinhal. Esta revisão teve como objetivo introduzir a física, os elementos básicos, os princípios biológicos e as principais aplicações da TMS.
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